A
Acid Reflux
When stomach acid flows back into the food pipe, causing heartburn and discomfort.
Acanthosis nigricans
A skin condition that causes dark, thick, velvety patches—usually on the neck, armpits, or groin. It is often linked to insulin resistance and can be an early warning sign of diabetes.
Acne
A common skin condition where pores get clogged with oil and dead skin cells, causing pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads.
Activated Charcoal Tablets
Supplements made from processed charcoal that absorb gas and toxins in the gut, sometimes used to relieve bloating or indigestion.
Acute disease or illness
A disease or condition that appears suddenly and lasts for a short period (days to weeks). Example: Common cold, fracture.
Acute liver failure
A sudden and severe loss of liver function that develops over days or weeks in a person without previous liver disease. It can be life-threatening and requires urgent medical care.
Adenomyosis
A condition where the lining of the uterus grows into the muscular wall of the uterus, leading to heavy periods and painful cramps.
Adolescents
Young people aged 10–19 years (as per WHO), transitioning from childhood to adulthood.
Adjunct Therapy
An additional treatment used together with the main therapy to improve its effectiveness. It does not replace the primary treatment but supports it, helping to enhance outcomes or reduce symptoms.
Aerobic Exercise
Physical activity that increases your heart rate and breathing while improving heart, lung, and overall fitness. Examples include walking, cycling, swimming, jogging, and dancing.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
An eye disease that damages the macula (central retina), leading to loss of sharp vision, usually in older adults.
Agonist
A drug or substance that binds to a receptor and triggers the same action as the natural substance.
Aldosterone
A hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps regulate blood pressure and maintain the balance of sodium and potassium in the body. Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to increase sodium and water retention while promoting potassium excretion. Excess aldosterone levels can contribute to high blood pressure and cardiovascular complications.
Alpha-galactosidase
A digestive enzyme that helps break down complex carbs in beans/vegetables, reducing gas.
ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase)
A liver enzyme found mainly in liver cells. When the liver is damaged or inflamed, ALT levels in the blood rise, making it an important marker used to assess liver health.
Alzheimer’s Disease
A progressive neurological disorder that leads to memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes.
Amiodarone
An antiarrhythmic medicine used to treat certain abnormal heart rhythms, including atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias. It works mainly by helping regulate the heart’s electrical activity.
Amoxicillin–clavulanate
An antibiotic combination used to treat certain bacterial infections. Amoxicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin group that kills susceptible bacteria by interfering with bacterial cell-wall formation. Clavulanate is a beta-lactamase inhibitor that blocks enzymes produced by some bacteria, helping protect amoxicillin from being broken down. It may be used for infections of the respiratory tract, sinuses, ears, skin, and urinary tract.
Anabolic Steroids
Man-made substances similar to testosterone that promote muscle growth and increase strength, sometimes misused to enhance physical performance.
Anaphylaxis
A severe, life-threatening allergic reaction caused by foods, medicines, or insect stings.
Anemia
A condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells, leading to tiredness and weakness.
Antacids
Medicines that neutralize stomach acid to relieve heartburn and indigestion.
Antagonist
A drug or substance that blocks or reduces the action of a receptor or another substance in the body.
Antibiotics
Medicines used to treat bacterial infections by killing bacteria or stopping their growth. They do not work against viral infections such as colds or flu.
Antibodies
Proteins made by the body immune system to fight germs and infections.
Anticoagulants (Blood Thinners)
Medicines that reduce the blood’s ability to clot, helping prevent dangerous clots and lowering the risk of stroke, heart attack, and other complications.
Antiepileptic
A medicine used to prevent or control seizures in people with epilepsy and certain other seizure disorders. Examples include Phenytoin, Valproate,Carbamazepine, and Levetiracetam.
Antigen
An antigen is a substance, such as a virus, bacterium, or toxin, that triggers the body’s immune system to produce antibodies and fight infection.
Antihypertensive
A type of medication used to lower high blood pressure (hypertension). Antihypertensive drugs help reduce the risk of complications such as heart attack, stroke, kidney disease, and heart failure. Common examples include ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics.
Anti-inflammatory
Substances, foods, or medicines that help reduce or control inflammation in the body.
Antioxidant
Substances (like vitamin C or E) that protect cells from damage by free radicals.
Antioxidant Paradox
A phenomenon where, despite the known benefits of antioxidants in neutralizing free radicals, clinical studies often fail to show consistent protection against diseases when antioxidant supplements are used.
Antiseptic
A substance applied to skin or mucous membranes to prevent infections.
Antispasmodics
Medicines that relax muscles and helps to reduce spasms or cramps, especially in the stomach, intestines, or uterus (like dicylcomine,drotaverine).
Anti-Tuberculosis drugs
Medicines used to treat tuberculosis (TB) by killing or stopping the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, such as isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol.
Antiviral
Medicines that help treat viral infections by stopping viruses from multiplying in the body. They can reduce the severity and duration of illness but do not work against bacterial infections (e.g., acyclovir, oseltamivir, tenofovir).
Anxiety
A feeling of worry, nervousness, or fear that can affect daily life and well-being.
Apolipoprotein B (ApoB)
A protein found on atherogenic lipoproteins such as LDL, VLDL, and Lp(a), which are responsible for transporting cholesterol in the blood. ApoB reflects the total number of these harmful particles and is considered a more accurate marker of cardiovascular risk than LDL cholesterol alone.
Appetite
Natural desire to eat food, influenced by physical hunger along with psychological, social, and environmental factors.
Arrhythmia
A condition in which the heart beats in an irregular, too fast, or too slow rhythm due to problems with the heart’s electrical signals.
Arteries
Blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to different parts of the body.
Ascites
A condition in which excess fluid accumulates in the abdominal cavity, causing swelling or enlargement of the abdomen. It most commonly occurs due to severe liver disease such as cirrhosis, but can also be associated with cancers, heart failure, or infections. Symptoms may include abdominal distension, discomfort, and difficulty breathing.
ASCVD (Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease)
A group of conditions caused by the buildup of plaque (fatty deposits) in the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow. It includes diseases such as heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease, and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase)
An enzyme found in the liver, heart, muscles, and other tissues. Elevated AST levels may indicate liver damage, muscle injury, or other medical conditions, so it is often interpreted along with ALT.
Asthma
A condition where lung airways swell and narrow, making breathing difficult.
Atrial Fibrillation
A heart rhythm disorder (arrhythmia) where the upper chambers of the heart (atria) beat irregularly and often rapidly. This can lead to poor blood flow, palpitations, fatigue, and an increased risk of stroke.
Autoimmune Disease
A condition in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own healthy cells, tissues, or organs. Depending on the disease, it can affect different parts of the body and cause inflammation, pain, fatigue, and other symptoms.
Autophagy
A natural process in which cells break down and recycle damaged or unnecessary components, helping maintain cellular health and function.
Ayurveda
An ancient system of traditional medicine from India that uses diet, lifestyle, herbal preparations, and other practices to support health and well-being.
B
Bacteria
Single-celled microorganisms that can live almost anywhere. Some cause infections, while others are helpful and support normal body functions.
Basal Insulin
A long-acting form of insulin that provides a steady, continuous level of insulin throughout the day and night to control blood glucose levels between meals and during sleep.
Bile
A digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It helps break down fats in food and aids the body in absorbing certain nutrients.
Bile Duct
A small tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the small intestine. Bile helps digest fats and remove waste products from the body.
Bilirubin
A yellow pigment produced when red blood cells break down. The liver processes bilirubin, and high levels may indicate liver or bile duct problems.
Bird flu
A viral infection caused by avian influenza viruses that primarily affect birds but can occasionally infect humans. It may cause symptoms ranging from mild respiratory illness to severe, life-threatening disease.
Birth defects
Health problems or physical changes present at birth that affect a baby’s development or appearance.
Blood Clot
A blood clot is a clump of blood that forms to stop bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. However, if a clot forms unnecessarily or blocks blood flow, it can lead to serious problems such as heart attack or stroke.
Blood Transfusion
A blood transfusion is a medical procedure in which donated blood or blood components are given through a vein to replace blood lost due to injury, surgery, or illness. It helps restore blood volume and improve oxygen delivery to the body’s tissues.
BMI( Body mass index)
A simple tool that uses a person’s weight and height to determine if they are underweight, of healthy weight, overweight, or obese. Formula: BMI = Weight (kg) / [Height (m)]2.
Bruise
A bruise is a dark, discolored patch on the skin that occurs when small blood vessels break and leak blood under the skin—usually after an injury, bump, or fall. They may appear blue, purple, or green as they heal.
Bulevirtide
Bulevirtide is an antiviral medicine used to treat chronic hepatitis D (HDV) infection in adults with hepatitis B. It works by blocking the virus from entering liver cells, helping slow liver damage and improve treatment outcomes.
C
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
A class of medications that relax blood vessel walls by blocking calcium entry into heart and smooth muscle cells. They are commonly used to treat high blood pressure, angina, and certain heart rhythm disorders. Examples:Amlodipine, Diltiazem, Verapamil
Cancer immunotherapy
A type of cancer treatment that helps the immune system recognize and fight cancer cells. Examples include pembrolizumab, nivolumab, and ipilimumab.
Carbonated Drinks
Beverages with dissolved carbon dioxide (e.g., soda, soft drinks), which can cause bloating.
Carcinogenic / Carcinogen
A substance that can cause cancer (e.g., tobacco smoke, asbestos).
Cardiometabolic diseases
A group of linked conditions like obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease.
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
The national public health agency of the United States.
CDSCO (Central Drugs Standard Control Organization)
India’s regulatory authority for drugs, cosmetics, and medical devices, under the Ministry of Health.
CHD (Coronary Heart Disease)
A condition in which the blood vessels supplying the heart become narrowed or blocked due to plaque buildup, reducing blood flow and increasing the risk of chest pain, heart attack, or other heart complications.
Chemotherapy
A type of cancer treatment that uses powerful drugs to kill or stop the growth of cancer cells.
Chikungunya
A viral disease spread by Aedes mosquitoes, causing sudden high fever, severe joint pain, muscle aches, headache, and rash. Joint pain can be intense and may last for weeks or months.
Chinese Restaurant Syndrome
Headache, flushing, or sweating sometimes linked to foods with MSG.
Cholera
A severe diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, leading to sudden watery stools, dehydration, and electrolyte loss. It spreads through contaminated food or water.
Chromosomes
Structures inside cells that carry genes, made of DNA, and passed from parents to children.
Chronic disease or illness
A condition that develops slowly and lasts a long time (often lifelong). It may be caused by long-term (chronic) infections, genetic factors, lifestyle habits, or other health conditions. Examples include diabetes, cancer, chronic hepatitis, and chronic kidney disease.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
A long-term condition where kidneys gradually lose ability to filter waste and excess fluids from the blood.
Circumcision
A surgical procedure in which the foreskin covering the tip of the penis is removed, often performed for medical, cultural, or religious reasons.
Cirrhosis
Severe liver damage where healthy liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue.
Clotting Factors
Proteins in the blood that work together to help form clots and stop bleeding when a blood vessel is injured.
Cognitive
Related to mental processes such as thinking, learning, memory, attention, reasoning, and decision-making.
Communicable Disease
A disease that can spread from one person to another through direct contact, contaminated food or water, air, or insect bites. Examples include tuberculosis, dengue, malaria, and COVID-19.
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
A Complete Blood Count (CBC) is a common blood test that measures red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelets. It helps evaluate overall health and detect conditions such as anemia, infections, inflammation, and certain blood disorders.
Complementary Medicines
Medicines or therapies used alongside conventional medical treatment to support health and well-being, such as herbal medicines, yoga, or acupuncture.
Condom
A condom is a thin barrier device used during sexual activity to help prevent pregnancy and reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. When used correctly and consistently, condoms are an effective method of protection.
Confidence Interval (CI)
A statistical range that shows how certain researchers are about a study result. A narrower confidence interval indicates a more precise estimate, while a wider interval suggests greater uncertainty.
Constipation
A digestive condition in which bowel movements become infrequent or difficult, often associated with hard stools, straining, or a feeling of incomplete emptying.
Contamination
The presence of harmful germs, chemicals, or substances in food, water, surfaces, or the environment, making them unsafe.
Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)
A method of tracking blood sugar (glucose) levels in real time using a small sensor placed under the skin. It provides frequent readings throughout the day and night, helping people manage diabetes by identifying trends and patterns.
Contraindications
Specific conditions or factors in which a particular treatment, medication, or procedure should not be used because it may cause harm to the patient.
Cotrimoxazole
An antibiotic combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim used to treat and prevent certain bacterial infections.
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
A long-term lung disease that makes it hard to breathe. It includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and is often caused by smoking or long-term exposure to air pollution.
Cord Blood
Blood collected from the umbilical cord and placenta after birth, rich in stem cells that can be used to treat various medical conditions.
Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC)
A measure of calcium deposits in the walls of the coronary arteries, detected using a specialized CT scan. A higher CAC score indicates greater plaque buildup and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Crepe bandages
Soft elastic wraps used in first aid to provide compression and support.
CT Scan (Computed Tomography)
An imaging test that uses X-rays and a computer to create detailed cross-sectional pictures of the inside of the body.
D
Dapsone
An antibacterial medicine used mainly to treat leprosy and certain skin conditions.
Dehydration
Excessive loss of body water/fluids, often due to vomiting, diarrhoea, or heat.
Dementia
Conditions marked by decline in memory, thinking, and reasoning; Alzheimer’s is the most common cause.
Denervation
Loss or removal of nerve supply to a muscle or organ, causing weakness or loss of function.
Dengue
A viral infection transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, causing high fever, severe headache, pain behind the eyes, joint and muscle pain, rash, and sometimes dangerous bleeding complications.
Depression
A psychiatric condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in daily activities, often accompanied by physical and cognitive symptoms such as fatigue, sleep disturbances, and impaired concentration.
Detoxification
The process by which the liver removes harmful substances, toxins, drugs, and waste products from the blood, helping protect the body and maintain overall health.
Diabetes
A metabolic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
Dialysis
A medical procedure that removes waste products, excess fluids, and toxins from the blood when the kidneys are unable to perform these functions effectively.
Diaphragm
A large, dome-shaped muscle located below the lungs that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen. It is the main muscle used for breathing and also helps with coughing, sneezing, vomiting, and other functions that increase pressure inside the abdomen.
Diarrhea
Diarrhea is the frequent passage of loose or watery stools, usually three or more times a day. It is often caused by infections, contaminated food or water, certain medications, or digestive disorders. Diarrhea can lead to dehydration if fluids and electrolytes are not replaced.
Diuretic
Medicines that increase urine production, used to remove excess water and salt (e.g., for high blood pressure).
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material in our cells that carries instructions for growth, development, and how the body functions.
Double-blind
A type of clinical study in which neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving the treatment and who is receiving the placebo. This helps reduce bias and ensures more reliable results.
Drug Interaction
A change in how a medicine works when it is taken with another medicine, food, drink, or supplement. It may increase or decrease the effect of a medicine or cause unwanted side effects.
Duodenum
The first part of the small intestine. It receives food from the stomach and mixes it with bile and pancreatic juices to help digest food and absorb nutrients.
Dysbiosis (Gut Imbalance)
An imbalance between “good” and “bad” bacteria in the gut, linked to digestive or other health issues.
Dyslipidemia
An abnormal amount of lipids (fats) in the blood, such as high total cholesterol, high low-density lipoprotein (LDL or “bad” cholesterol), low high-density lipoprotein (HDL or “good” cholesterol), or high triglycerides. It increases the risk of heart disease and stroke.
Dysentery
An intestinal infection that causes severe diarrhea with blood or mucus, often accompanied by abdominal pain and fever. It is usually spread through contaminated food or water.
E
ECG (Electrocardiogram)
A test that records the electrical activity of the heart to check for abnormalities in heart rhythm and function.
Endocrine Disruptor
Chemicals that interfere with hormones, affecting growth, metabolism, or reproduction.
Edema
Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in the body’s tissues, often in feet or legs.
Electrolyte
Minerals in the body that carry an electric charge and help regulate important functions such as fluid balance, nerve signaling, muscle contraction, and heart rhythm. Common electrolytes include sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. For example, potassium plays an important role in maintaining normal heart and muscle function. Imbalances in electrolyte levels can affect normal body function and may lead to health complications.
Endometriosis
Tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus, often causing pain and sometimes infertility.
Epilepsy
A long-term neurological disorder in which a person has repeated, unprovoked seizures caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Seizures can vary from brief staring spells to full-body convulsions. Epilepsy can affect people of all ages and is often managed with anti-seizure medicines, lifestyle measures, and, in some cases, surgery or other treatments.
Esophagus
The muscular tube that carries food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach.
Estrogen
A hormone that helps control female growth, periods, and reproduction.
Ethnicity
A group people belong to based on shared culture, language, traditions, or ancestry. For example, in India, Punjabi, Tamil, Bengali, and Gujarati are different ethnic groups.
Expectorants
Medicines that help loosen and thin mucus (phlegm) in the airways, making it easier to cough it up and clear the lungs. They are commonly used to relieve chest congestion caused by colds, flu, or bronchitis.
F
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
A genetic condition where a person is born with very high cholesterol levels, increasing the risk of early heart disease.
Fatigue
Feeling extremely tired and low in energy.
Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver disease is a condition in which excess fat builds up in the liver (more than 5–10% of its weight). It is commonly linked to obesity, diabetes, unhealthy diet, and excessive alcohol consumption. In many people it causes no symptoms, but if left untreated it can lead to liver inflammation, scarring (cirrhosis), liver failure, and an increased risk of liver cancer.
Fecal-Oral Route
The fecal-oral route is a way infections spread when germs from the stool (feces) of an infected person enter another person’s mouth. This can happen through contaminated food or water, unwashed hands, or contact with contaminated surfaces. Diseases such as hepatitis A, cholera, and typhoid commonly spread through the fecal-oral route.
Fibrosis
Formation of scar tissue in organs due to repeated injury or inflammation.
FibroScan (Transient Elastography)
A painless, non-invasive test that uses sound waves to measure liver stiffness and assess scarring (fibrosis) and fatty liver disease.
Flushing
Sudden redness/warmth of skin (usually face/neck), caused by emotions, food, or medicine.
Fracture
A break or crack in a bone, usually caused by injury, fall, or accident.
Fructose
A naturally occurring simple sugar found in fruits, honey, and some vegetables. It is also added to many processed foods and sugary drinks. Consuming too much added fructose may increase the risk of obesity, fatty liver disease, and other metabolic health problems.
FSSAI (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India)
An independent body that sets standards and regulates food quality and safety in India.
Fungi
Organisms such as yeasts, molds, and mushrooms that can live in the environment or on the body. Some are harmless, while others can cause infections.
G
Gallbladder
A small, pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver that stores and concentrates bile, a digestive fluid that helps break down fats in the small intestine.
Gallstones
Small, hard, stone-like deposits that form in the gallbladder. Many people have no symptoms, but gallstones can sometimes block the flow of bile and cause pain, infection, or jaundice.
Genes
Units of heredity that carry instructions for how the body grows, functions, and looks, passed from parents to children.
Genetics
Genetics refers to traits or diseases that “run in the family,” meaning they are passed down through genes from parents to children and can influence how the body looks, functions, or develops certain conditions.
Gamma-glutamyl transferase
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is a liver enzyme measured in blood tests to help assess liver and bile duct health.
Gilbert Syndrome
A common inherited condition where the liver breaks down bilirubin more slowly than usual. This may cause mild yellowing of the skin or eyes from time to time, especially during illness, fasting, stress, or dehydration. It is usually harmless and does not need treatment.
GIP (Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide)
An incretin hormone released from the gut after eating. GIP stimulates insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner and plays a role in fat metabolism. It works together with GLP-1 to regulate blood sugar and energy balance.
GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide-1)
A naturally occurring hormone (an incretin) made in the gut that helps regulate blood sugar by stimulating insulin release, reducing glucagon, slowing stomach emptying, and increasing satiety. GLP-1 receptor agonists are widely used as diabetes and weight-management medicines.
Glucagon
A hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood sugar levels by prompting the liver to release stored glucose. It works opposite to insulin to maintain blood sugar balance.
Gluten
A protein in wheat, barley, and rye that gives dough elasticity.
Gluten sensitivity / Intolerance
Difficulty digesting gluten, causing bloating and discomfort.
Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)
A form of hemoglobin that is chemically linked to glucose, used as a marker to reflect average blood glucose levels over the past two to three months.
Glycemic Index
A ranking system that measures how quickly carbohydrate-containing foods raise blood sugar levels after eating.
Glycemic response
A change in blood sugar level after you eat or drink something that contains carbohydrates.
Glycogen
A stored form of glucose found mainly in the liver and muscles. When the body needs energy, glycogen breaks down into glucose to maintain normal blood sugar levels.
Groin
The area where the lower abdomen meets the inner thigh.
Gut-Liver Axis
The gut-liver axis is the two-way communication between the gut and liver, involving the gut microbiome, nutrients, and signaling molecules that can influence digestion, metabolism, and liver health.
Gut Microbiome / Microbiota
The community of trillions of bacteria and microbes in the digestive tract.
Gynecomastia
A condition in which males develop enlarged breast tissue due to an imbalance of hormones, particularly estrogen and testosterone. It can affect one or both breasts and may occur during infancy, puberty, or later in life. Gynecomastia is usually benign but can sometimes cause tenderness, discomfort, or emotional distress. It may also be caused by certain medications, underlying medical conditions, or substance use.
H
HDL(High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol)
A type of cholesterol often called “good cholesterol” because it helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and carries it back to the liver for processing, reducing the risk of heart disease.
Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction)
A serious condition that occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, usually due to a clot. This prevents oxygen from reaching the heart muscle, causing damage. It can lead to chest pain, shortness of breath, and requires urgent medical care.
Hemoglobin
A protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and gives blood its red color.
Homeopathy
A system of complementary medicine developed by Samuel Hahnemann that is based on the principle of “like cures like” and uses highly diluted substances with the aim of stimulating the body’s natural healing response.
Hemolytic Anemia
A condition in which red blood cells are destroyed faster than the body can replace them. This can lead to anemia, causing symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, and jaundice.
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A condition in which liver disease allows harmful toxins to build up in the blood, affecting brain function and causing confusion, drowsiness, or changes in behavior.
Hepatitis
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver caused by viruses, excessive alcohol use, certain medications, autoimmune diseases, or other conditions. It can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) and, if left untreated, may lead to liver damage, cirrhosis, or liver failure.
Hepatitis D
A viral infection that affects the liver and occurs only in people who have hepatitis B. It spreads through contact with infected blood or body fluids and can increase the risk of serious liver damage.
Hepatitis E
A viral infection that affects the liver and is usually spread by consuming food or water contaminated with the virus. It often causes a short-term illness and usually gets better on its own, although it can be more serious during pregnancy.
Hepatitis B
A viral infection that affects the liver, causing inflammation and potential long-term damage. It spreads through contact with infected blood or body fluids, such as through unprotected sex, sharing needles, or from mother to child at birth.
Hepatitis C
A viral infection that affects the liver, causing inflammation and potentially leading to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, or liver cancer if left untreated. It spreads primarily through contact with infected blood, such as sharing needles, unsafe medical procedures, or transfusions of unscreened blood. Many people have no symptoms initially, but symptoms may include fatigue, jaundice, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite. Early diagnosis and treatment can effectively cure most cases.
Hepatitis D
A viral infection that affects the liver and occurs only in people who have hepatitis B. It spreads through contact with infected blood or body fluids and can increase the risk of serious liver damage.
Hepatitis E
A viral infection that affects the liver and is usually spread by consuming food or water contaminated with the virus. It often causes a short-term illness and usually gets better on its own, although it can be more serious during pregnancy.
Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia (HeFH)
Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) is an inherited genetic disorder that causes very high levels of LDL-C, from birth. It occurs when a person inherits a faulty gene from one parent, most commonly affecting the LDL receptor, APOB, or PCSK9 gene. If left untreated, HeFH significantly increases the risk of premature ASCVD, including heart attacks and strokes. Early diagnosis and treatment with lifestyle changes and cholesterol-lowering medications can greatly reduce cardiovascular risk.
High-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)
High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is a sweetener made from corn starch that contains a mixture of fructose and glucose. It is commonly added to soft drinks, packaged foods, desserts, sauces, and baked goods. Eating too much HFCS may increase the risk of obesity, fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic health problems.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
A virus that attacks the body’s immune system,reducing the body’s ability to fight infections. It spreads through unprotected sex, sharing of infected needles, or from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. If untreated, HIV can progress to AIDS, the advanced stage of the infection.
Hot Flashes
Sudden feelings of intense warmth, often with sweating, redness, or a rapid heartbeat. They are commonly linked to menopause and changes in hormone levels.
Hormone
Chemical messengers produced by glands that travel through the bloodstream to regulate various body functions — such as growth, metabolism, mood, and reproduction.
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition characterized by elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL). It increases the risk of plaque buildup in arteries, leading to cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke.
Hyperkalemia
A condition in which the level of potassium in the blood becomes higher than normal. It may cause symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, numbness, or abnormal heart rhythms, and can result from kidney disease, certain medications, or other medical conditions.
Hypoglycemia
A condition where blood sugar (glucose) levels fall below normal, often causing symptoms such as sweating, shakiness, hunger, confusion, or fainting. It is most commonly linked to diabetes treatment with insulin or other glucose-lowering medicines.
Hyponatremia
A condition that occurs when the level of sodium in the blood becomes low (<135 mEq/L), often due to excessive water intake or certain medical conditions. Low sodium disrupts the body’s fluid balance and can cause symptoms such as headache, nausea, confusion, muscle cramps, and in severe cases, seizures or brain swelling.
Hypothalamus
A small but vital region located at the base of the brain that regulates essential body functions such as temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, and emotional activity.
Hypothyroidism
A condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones, leading to a slower metabolism and symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, and feeling cold.
I
IAP (Indian Academy of Pediatrics)
The Indian Academy of Pediatrics is the national body of pediatricians in India. It provides health guidelines, growth charts, and standards for the care and well-being of children and adolescents.
Ibuprofen
A commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that helps reduce pain, fever, and inflammation.
ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research)
India’s apex body for biomedical research, responsible for formulating, coordinating, and promoting health research and evidence-based guidelines to improve public health.
Immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulins (antibodies) are proteins made by the immune system that help recognize and fight bacteria, viruses, and other harmful germs.
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
IgA is an antibody found mainly in the saliva, tears, lungs, and intestines. It helps protect the body from infections at these surfaces.
Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
IgD is an antibody found mainly on the surface of B cells. It helps activate the immune system and plays a role in the body’s early immune response.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
IgE is an antibody involved in allergic reactions and helps protect the body against parasitic infections. High IgE levels are often seen in allergies and asthma.
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
IgG is the most common antibody in the blood. It provides long-term protection after an infection or vaccination and helps prevent future infections.
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
IgM is the first antibody the body produces to fight a new infection. High IgM levels usually indicate a recent or active infection.
Immunosuppressants
Medicines that lower the activity of the immune system to prevent it from attacking the body or to help after organ transplants.
Immunotherapy
Treatment that boosts, activates, or changes the immune system to help the body fight diseases, particularly cancer.
Incretins
Gut hormones (GLP-1, GIP) that regulate blood sugar after meals.
Infants
Children from birth up to 1 year of age.
Inflammation
The immune system’s response to injury or infection, causing redness, pain, or swelling.
Influenza
A contagious viral infection that affects the nose, throat, and lungs. It causes fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, fatigue, and sometimes complications like pneumonia.
Insulin
A hormone made by the pancreas that helps move glucose from the blood into the body’s cells, where it’s used for energy. It plays a key role in keeping blood sugar levels in balance.
Insulin resistance
When body cells don’t respond well to insulin, raising blood sugar levels.
Insulin sensitivity
Refers to how easily your body’s cells can use insulin to absorb sugar from the blood.
Intense Endurance Sports
High-intensity physical activities that require prolonged stamina and sustained effort, such as marathon running, long-distance cycling, or triathlons.
International Normalized Ratio (INR)
A blood test that measures how quickly blood clots. It is commonly used to monitor people taking blood-thinning medicines such as warfarin and to assess blood-clotting function.
Intravenous (IV) injection/infusion
A method of giving medicines or fluids directly into a vein through a needle or catheter, allowing them to enter the bloodstream quickly.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
A digestive disorder with stomach pain, bloating, diarrhoea, or constipation.
J
Jaundice
Jaundice is a condition in which the skin, the whites of the eyes, and sometimes the mucous membranes turn yellow due to a buildup of bilirubin, a yellow pigment produced when red blood cells break down. It is a sign of an underlying problem affecting the liver, bile ducts, or blood.
K
Ketone
Chemicals produced by the liver when the body breaks down fat for energy, especially when carbohydrate intake is low.
Ketosis
A metabolic state in which the body mainly uses fat and ketones for energy instead of glucose.
L
Lactase
An enzyme that breaks down lactose (milk sugar) into simpler sugars.
Lactose intolerance
Inability to digest lactose due to a lack of lactase enzyme.
LDL-C (Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholestrol)
A type of cholesterol often called “bad cholesterol” because high levels can lead to the buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) in the arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke.
Laxatives
Medicines that help relieve constipation by promoting bowel movements or softening stools.
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]
A type of lipoprotein similar to LDL (“bad cholesterol”) that carries cholesterol in the blood. Elevated Lp(a) levels are genetically determined and are considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including heart attack and stroke.
Lipodystrophy (Injection-related)
A localized change in fat tissue at repeated injection sites, commonly seen with insulin or other subcutaneous injections, leading to either fat loss (lipoatrophy) or fat accumulation (lipohypertrophy), which may affect drug absorption.
Liver Biopsy
A procedure in which a small sample of liver tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to diagnose liver diseases and assess liver damage.
Local anaesthesia
A technique that numbs a small, specific area of the body so procedures can be done without pain while the patient remains awake. Commonly used for minor surgeries, dental work, wound suturing, or injections.
Lozenges
Small tablets (cough drops) that soothe throat irritation.
M
Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE)
An advanced imaging test that combines MRI and sound waves to measure liver stiffness and detect scarring (fibrosis).
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
A medical imaging test that uses a powerful magnet and radio waves to create detailed pictures of organs and tissues inside the body. It helps doctors diagnose many conditions without using radiation.
Major Depressive Disorder
A common but serious mental health condition characterized by persistent low mood, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, changes in sleep and appetite, fatigue, poor concentration, and feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness. Symptoms last for at least two weeks and significantly affect daily functioning. With appropriate treatment and support, it is manageable and often improves.
Malaria
A parasitic disease transmitted through the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. It commonly causes fever, chills, sweating, headache, and fatigue, and can become life-threatening if not treated promptly.
Malnutrition
A condition caused by an imbalance of nutrients in the body, including deficiencies, excesses, or improper intake of essential nutrients, which can affect growth, health, and overall well-being.
Mediterranean Diet
A healthy eating pattern based on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, olive oil, and fish, with limited red meat and processed foods. It supports heart health, helps maintain a healthy weight, and may reduce the risk of fatty liver disease.
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (MTC)
A rare type of thyroid cancer that arises from the parafollicular (C) cells of the thyroid gland, which produce calcitonin. It can occur sporadically or as part of inherited genetic syndromes and may spread to lymph nodes and other parts of the body.
Menopause
The natural stage in a woman’s life when menstrual periods stop, marking the end of fertility.
Metabolic dysfunction
Problems in how the body processes glucose/fats, linked to diabetes and obesity.
Metabolic syndrome
A group of conditions—including excess belly fat, high blood sugar, high blood pressure, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels—that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and fatty liver disease.
Metabolite
A substance produced when the body breaks down or processes a drug, food, or other substance. Some metabolites are active and can affect the body, while others are inactive and are eliminated from the body.
Methotrexate
A medicine used to treat certain cancers and autoimmune or inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. It works by affecting folate-dependent processes and reducing the growth or activity of certain cells.
MHRA (Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency)
The UK government body responsible for regulating medicines, medical devices, and healthcare products to ensure they are safe, effective, and of high quality for public use.
Migraine
Severe headache often with nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light/sound.
Modified-release tablets
Medicines designed to release slowly for longer-lasting effects.
Monoclonal antibody
A laboratory-made protein designed to recognize and attach to a specific target in the body. Monoclonal antibodies are used to treat conditions such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, and some infections. Examples include trastuzumab, rituximab, and pembrolizumab.
Motion sickness
A condition that causes nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and discomfort when the brain receives conflicting signals from the eyes and inner ear during movement, such as while traveling by car, boat, or plane.
MUFA (Monounsaturated Fatty Acids)
A type of dietary fat that contains a single double bond in its chemical structure. MUFAs are known to support heart health by helping reduce bad (LDL) cholesterol levels while maintaining good (HDL) cholesterol. Common sources include olive oil, groundnut oil, mustard oil, avocados, and nuts.
Muscle Cramps
Sudden, painful tightening of a muscle that happens without control. Muscle cramps can occur due to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, muscle fatigue, or prolonged physical activity.
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 (MEN2) Syndrome
A rare inherited genetic disorder caused by mutations in the RET gene, characterized by the development of tumors in endocrine glands—most commonly medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and, in some cases, hyperparathyroidism.
Multiple Myeloma
A type of blood cancer that starts in plasma cells, a kind of white blood cell found in the bone marrow. It can weaken bones, reduce the body’s ability to fight infections, and affect kidney function.
N
Nasal congestion
Stuffy or blocked nose, often due to colds, flu, or allergies.
Nausea
A queasy feeling in the stomach, often with an urge to vomit.
NAION (Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy)
Sudden, painless vision loss due to poor blood supply to the optic nerve.
Neonates
Babies in their first 28 days of life.
Neovascular Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
A severe form of AMD where abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina, causing vision loss.
Neurodevelopment
The process by which the brain and nervous system grow and develop, starting before birth and continuing through childhood and adolescence. It involves the formation of brain structures, connections between nerve cells, and the development of skills such as thinking, learning, movement, and behavior.
Neurokinin
A type of chemical messenger in the brain that helps transmit signals between nerve cells and plays a role in body temperature control, mood, and pain.
Neurological Disorders
A group of conditions that affect the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
NIN (National Institute of Nutrition)
A premier research institute under ICMR that focuses on nutrition science, dietary guidelines, and public health nutrition to address malnutrition and diet-related diseases in India.
Non-Communicable Disease (NCD)
A disease that does not spread from person to person and usually develops over a long period of time. Common examples include diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, cancer, and obesity.
Non-HDL Cholesterol
The total amount of “bad” cholesterol in the blood, calculated by subtracting HDL (good cholesterol) from total cholesterol. It includes LDL and other harmful fats that can build up in arteries and increase the risk of heart disease.
Non-Productive (Dry) cough
A cough without mucus, often due to allergies or irritation.
Non-Tuberculosis Antimicrobial
Antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections other than tuberculosis, including infections of the respiratory tract, urinary tract, skin, and other body systems.
NSAIDs
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Common pain relievers (like ibuprofen, naproxen) used to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever.
O
Osteoporosis
A bone disorder characterised by low bone mass and weakened bone structure, making bones fragile and more prone to fractures, especially at the hip, spine, and wrist.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
A sleep disorder where breathing stops repeatedly, causing snoring, fatigue, and poor sleep.
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medicines
Medicines that can be bought without a doctor’s prescription. They are commonly used to treat minor illnesses such as headaches, colds, fever, allergies, and indigestion. They should still be used as directed to avoid side effects or misuse.
Oxidative Stress
A condition that occurs when harmful molecules called free radicals build up in the body faster than the body can neutralize them. It can damage cells, proteins, and DNA and may contribute to inflammation and various chronic diseases.
P
Pancreas
An organ located behind the stomach that produces digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin and glucagon, which help regulate blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas, which helps with digestion and blood sugar control.
Parasite
An organism that lives on or inside another living being (the host) and survives by taking nutrients from it, often causing illness.
Parenteral route
Administering medicines by injection.
Parkinson’s Disease
A degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects movement, often marked by tremors, stiffness, and slowed movement.
Pediatrician
A pediatrician is a medical doctor who specializes in the care, growth, and treatment of infants, children, and teenagers. They monitor development, prevent illnesses, and manage childhood diseases to support overall health and well-being.
Pegylated Interferon
Pegylated interferon is a medicine used to treat certain viral infections, including chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis D. It helps boost the body’s immune system to fight the virus and is given as an injection, usually once a week.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
An infection of the female reproductive organs, usually caused by sexually transmitted bacteria.
Pesticides
Substances used to keep away or kill pests like insects, weeds, or rodents that can damage crops or spread disease.
Phase 2 trial
Medium-sized clinical studies (usually hundreds of patients) that evaluate a drug’s effectiveness and further assess its safety.
Phase 3 trial
Large clinical studies testing the safety and effectiveness of a new drug in thousands of patients.
Phase 3b trial
Clinical studies conducted after Phase 3 trials but before regulatory approval. These trials provide additional data on safety, effectiveness, or specific patient populations, and often support marketing or label expansion.
Phenotype
The observable physical traits and characteristics of an individual, such as appearance, body structure, and biochemical features, which result from the interaction of their genetic makeup and environmental influences.
Phytochemicals
Bioactive compounds found in plants (like flavonoids, carotenoids, and polyphenols) that act as natural antioxidants and provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition.
Placebo
An inactive pill/substance used in clinical trials to compare with real drugs.
Plasma
The liquid part of blood that carries cells, hormones, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.
Platelet
Small blood cell fragments that help form clots to stop bleeding by gathering at injury sites and working with clotting proteins.
Plaque
A fatty, sticky buildup that forms inside the walls of arteries, made up of cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. Over time, plaque can narrow or block blood flow, increasing the risk of heart attack or stroke.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
A common hormonal disorder in women of reproductive age characterized by irregular menstrual cycles, excess androgen (male hormone) levels, and multiple small cysts in the ovaries. It can affect fertility and is often linked to insulin resistance, obesity, and metabolic issues.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory test that detects and makes millions of copies of DNA or RNA, helping diagnose infections, genetic disorders, and other diseases.
Polyphenols
Polyphenols are naturally occurring plant compounds found in fruits, vegetables, tea, coffee, cocoa, herbs, spices, nuts, and olive oil. They have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that help protect cells from damage and may support heart, brain, liver, and overall health.
Portal Hypertension
High blood pressure in the portal vein, which carries blood to the liver. It is often caused by liver cirrhosis and can lead to complications such as varices and fluid buildup.
Portal Vein
A major vein that carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver for processing and detoxification.
Prediabetes
A condition in which blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as type 2 diabetes. It is a warning sign that diabetes may develop without healthy lifestyle changes.
Prebiotic
A type of dietary fiber or other substance that serves as food for beneficial gut bacteria, helping support a healthy gut microbiome.
Probiotic
Live microorganisms that may provide health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts, especially by supporting a healthy balance of gut bacteria.
Productive (Wet) cough
A cough with mucus, often from infections.
Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9)
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a serine protease that regulates cholesterol metabolism by promoting the degradation of hepatic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors, thereby reducing the clearance of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) from the bloodstream. Gain-of-function variants in the PCSK9 gene are associated with elevated LDL-C levels and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, whereas loss-of-function variants enhance LDL receptor activity, resulting in lower LDL-C concentrations and a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease.
PUFA (Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids)
A type of dietary fat that contains more than one double bond in its chemical structure. PUFAs include omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and are considered essential fats because the body cannot produce them in sufficient amounts. They play a key role in heart health, brain function, cell growth, and inflammation regulation.
R
Rabies
A deadly viral disease that affects the nervous system, usually transmitted through the bite or scratch of an infected animal. Symptoms may include fever, tingling at the bite site, anxiety, and progressive paralysis.
Radiotherapy
A cancer treatment that uses high-energy radiation to destroy or damage cancer cells.
Rancidity
The spoilage of oils or fats resulting in unpleasant odor and taste due to oxidation or hydrolysis.
Randomised
A method used in clinical trials where participants are assigned to different groups (such as treatment or placebo) by chance rather than choice. Randomisation helps reduce bias and ensures the groups are comparable.
Rash
A change in the skin’s appearance, such as redness, bumps, or irritation, often caused by infections, allergies, heat, or other triggers.
RBC (Red Blood Cell)
Cells in the blood that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body and transport carbon dioxide back to the lungs for removal.
RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance)
The average daily intake level of a nutrient sufficient to meet the nutritional requirements of nearly all (97–98%) healthy individuals in a specific age and sex group.
Recreational Drugs
Recreational drugs are substances taken for pleasure or to alter mood, thoughts, or feelings rather than for medical reasons. They may be legal (such as alcohol in many countries) or illegal (such as cocaine or heroin). Using recreational drugs can increase the risk of infections, accidents, addiction, and other serious health problems.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
A hormone system that helps regulate blood pressure, fluid balance, and electrolyte levels in the body. When blood pressure or blood flow to the kidneys decreases, the system is activated, leading to the production of angiotensin II and aldosterone. These hormones cause blood vessels to narrow and promote sodium and water retention, which increases blood pressure.
Resistant Hypertension
A type of high blood pressure that remains above the target level despite the use of three different blood pressure medications, including a diuretic, at optimal doses. It may require additional treatment strategies and careful monitoring to reduce the risk of heart, kidney, and blood vessel complications.
Renal arteries
The blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the aorta to the kidneys. They play a key role in filtering blood and regulating blood pressure.
Retinoids
Vitamin A–based medicines used on the skin to treat acne and improve skin texture by helping skin cells renew faster.
Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is a laboratory test that converts RNA into DNA and then amplifies it to detect viruses such as hepatitis A virus (HAV) and SARS-CoV-2.
Reye’s Syndrome
A rare but serious condition that causes sudden swelling of the liver and brain, most commonly seen in children recovering from viral infections and associated with the use of aspirin.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
An autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the joints, causing pain, swelling, stiffness, and possible long-term joint damage.
RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a molecule that helps carry genetic instructions from DNA and plays a key role in making proteins needed for normal body function.
S
Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA)
A type of dietary fat with no double bonds in its chemical structure, making it typically solid at room temperature. SFAs are found mainly in animal-based foods and some tropical oils. Excess intake is associated with increased LDL (bad) cholesterol levels and a higher risk of heart disease, so moderation is recommended.
Scalds
Burns caused by hot liquids or steam.
Schizophrenia
A chronic psychiatric disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. It is marked by distortions in perception, delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and impaired social functioning.
Seizures
Sudden abnormal brain activity (“fits”), causing shaking, confusion, or loss of consciousness.
Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)
Beneficial fatty acids produced by gut bacteria when they ferment dietary fiber, helping support gut health, metabolism, and immune function.
Siddha
An ancient traditional system of medicine originating in South India and rooted in Tamil culture. It aims to promote physical, mental, and spiritual well-being through the use of plant, mineral, and animal-based preparations, along with pulse diagnosis and balancing the body’s fundamental humours.
Sign
A sign is an objective change in the body that a doctor or another observer can see or measure, such as swelling, rash, fever, or abnormal test results.
Simethicone
A medicine that reduces gas and bloating by breaking up bubbles in the gut.
Spider Angioma
A small, spider-like cluster of blood vessels visible on the skin. It may be a sign of liver disease or hormonal changes.
Spleen
An organ located in the upper left side of the abdomen that helps filter blood, remove old or damaged blood cells, store platelets, and support the body’s immune system by fighting infections.
Splinters
Small, sharp objects (wood/glass) stuck in the skin.
Statins
A group of medicines used to lower LDL cholesterol and reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke. They work by blocking an enzyme in the liver that is needed to produce cholesterol. Common statins include atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, and pitavastatin.
Steatohepatitis
Fat accumulation and inflammation in the liver, damaging cells.
Steroids
Medicines that reduce inflammation and treat various conditions, but can have side effects if used for a long time or without medical advice.
Strength or Resistance Exercises
Exercises that help build muscle strength and improve bone health by making the muscles work against resistance. Examples include bodyweight exercises, resistance bands, light weights, climbing, and playground activities.
Stroke
A medical emergency when blood flow to part of the brain is interrupted or a vessel bursts; causes sudden weakness, speech difficulty, or vision problems.
Stunting
When a child is shorter than normal for their age due to long-term poor nutrition.
Subcutaneous injections
Injections given under the skin, between fat and muscle.
Suppositories
Capsule-like medicines inserted into the rectum, vagina, or urethra.
Symptoms
Symptoms are the feelings or experiences a person notices that may indicate a health problem, such as pain, tiredness, itching, or dizziness. They cannot be directly seen by others and are reported by the individual.
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)
A condition in which the body releases too much antidiuretic hormone (ADH), causing the kidneys to retain excess water. This leads to dilution of sodium in the blood (hyponatremia). It may occur due to certain lung diseases, brain disorders, infections, cancers, or medications. Symptoms can include nausea, headache, confusion, muscle cramps, and in severe cases, seizures.
T
Tampons
Soft, absorbent products inserted into the vagina to absorb menstrual blood.
Targeted cancer medicines
Medicines that target specific proteins, genes, or other features of cancer cells to slow or stop their growth. Examples include imatinib, osimertinib,lapatinib, regorafenib.
Tension headaches
Common dull headaches affecting both sides of the head.
Topical
Refers to medicines or products applied directly to the skin, eyes, or other body surfaces to produce a local effect.
Trans Fat
Unhealthy fat in fried/processed foods, raising heart disease risk.
Triglycerides
A type of fat (lipid) found in the blood and body tissues, formed from glycerol and three fatty acids. Triglycerides are the main form of stored energy in the body and come from dietary fats or excess calories. High levels of triglycerides can increase the risk of heart disease.
Tuberculosis
An infectious disease caused by bacteria, usually affecting the lungs, and spread through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
Tweezers
Small metal tools used to remove thorns, glass, or ticks from skin.
Type 1 diabetes
A condition where the body’s immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, leading to little or no insulin production.
Type 2 diabetes
A condition where the body can’t use insulin properly or body does not respond well to insulin (Known as Insulin Resistance), raising blood sugar.
Typhoid
A bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi, characterized by prolonged fever, weakness, abdominal pain, and sometimes rash. It spreads through contaminated food or water.
U
Ultrasound
A safe imaging test that uses sound waves to create pictures of organs and tissues inside the body. It helps doctors diagnose and monitor many health conditions.
Unani
A traditional system of medicine rooted in ancient Greek and Hippocratic teachings and further developed in the Middle East and South Asia. Unani is based on maintaining balance among the elements (Arkan), humours (Akhlat), and temperament (Mizaj). It recognizes four primary humours—Dam (blood), Balgham (phlegm), Safra (yellow bile), and Sauda (black bile)—and aims to restore balance and support the body’s natural self-preserving ability (Quwwat-e-Modabbira).
Undernutrition
When the body doesn’t get enough food or nutrients to stay healthy and grow properly.
UNICEF (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund)
It is an organization that works globally to promote the health, education, and well-being of children, especially in developing countries.
US FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration)
The U.S. regulatory body for food, drugs, devices, cosmetics, and more.
Uterine fibroids
Noncancerous growths made of muscle and fibrous tissue that develop in or on the uterus.
V
Vaccine
A vaccine is a biological preparation that helps the immune system recognize and fight specific viruses or bacteria. It protects against infectious diseases by preparing the body to respond before infection occurs.
Vaccination
The process of giving a vaccine to help the body’s immune system recognize and fight specific infections. Vaccination helps prevent disease and reduces the risk of serious illness.
Variceal Bleeding
Severe bleeding from enlarged ,swollen veins (varices) in the food pipe or stomach, usually caused by advanced liver disease and high pressure in the portal vein.
Vasomotor Symptoms
Hot flashes and night sweats caused by changes in blood vessel control, often seen during menopause.
Vegan
A diet or lifestyle that avoids animal-derived foods and products. A vegan diet typically includes plant-based foods such as fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds.
Virus
Tiny infectious agent that can only multiply inside the living cells of a host and can cause a wide range of diseases.
Visceral Fat
Fat stored deep inside the abdomen around internal organs. Excess visceral fat is linked to a higher risk of metabolic problems, including type 2 diabetes and fatty liver disease.
Vomiting
The forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth, commonly caused by infections, food poisoning, motion sickness, or other medical conditions.
W
WBC (White Blood Cells)
Cells of the immune system that help the body fight infections and protect against foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses, and other harmful substances.
WHO (World Health Organization)
The United Nations agency responsible for global public health, setting standards, supporting research, and coordinating international responses to health emergencies.
